26 October 2015
The climate is changing, and we are facing the consequences. Over 80% of all disaster events are now climate‑related, the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction has estimated, and climate change is modifying the intensity, frequency, and duration of many extreme events. The economic losses in the aftermath can devastate entire economies, and a clear strategy on risk anagement is needed. How can we ensure that a family, community, or country can reduce the risks before a disaster, and bounce back afterwards?
Risk Layering For Flooding in Bangladesh. Risk layers are shown from high to low frequency of floods, up to a 100‑year “return period,” i.e. floods of this scale are only estimated to occur every 100 years.
Disaster risk is complex, as it lumps together frequent events with minor impacts and infrequent but devastating catastrophes. Not all disaster risk can be eliminated, and we need to know which risks should be reduced, which insured against, and which will require governmental or international aid efforts. To help decision makers tackle these challenges, researchers from the IIASA Risk, Policy and Vulnerability Program are adapting the concept of “risk layering” to develop a comprehensive approach to climate‑related disaster risk management. In the lower risk layer, where events occur frequently but have a low impact, risk reduction is often the most cost‑efficient strategy shown in blue in the figure). This is important because it illustrates that climate‑related and other risks are not inevitable “accidents.” Preparations, such as improving flood protection, can even be extended to addressing the underlying drivers of risk—by better building regulations and land use planning in flood‑prone areas, for example.
In the medium risk layer (shown in green), where risk reduction possibilities are limited, insurance is a suitable strategy. However, it is at the upper end of this scale (red)—which includes rare and catastrophic events for which government or international aid might be required and even exceeded—where new financing mechanisms may be needed.
At regional scales, groups of countries have been creating their own funds to buffer themselves against these impacts, and "risk pools" now exist in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific. However, as illustrated by IIASA analysis of flood risk in Bangladesh the risks are expected to increase substantially as climate and socioeconomic change progresses. An initial response to this issue was the Green Climate Fund. Financed by industrialized and emerging economies, it was established in 2010 to assist developing economies in addressing climate change adaptation and mitigation. Building on this, and focusing on severe impacts for which adaptation is not an option, the Warsaw Loss and Damage Mechanism was agreed in 2013. The mechanism is intended to address climate change‑related loss and damage in developing countries that are the most severely affected.
The IIASA climate risk management approach uses risk layering to provide policymakers with a practical, clear method for moving forward. Not only can it reveal suitable risk management options, it can also help identify risks that are “beyond adaptation.”
Further Information
Text by Daisy Brickhill
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