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Chapter 11: Renewable Energy
Lead Authors (LA)
Doug Arent (National Renewable Energy laboratory, USA)
Ruggero Bertani (Enel S.P.A, Italy)
Andre Faaij (Utrecht University, the Netherlands)
Maureen Hand (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA)
Wolfram Krewitt† (German Air and Space Agency, Germany)
Eric Larson (Princeton University and Climate Central, USA)
John Lund (Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, USA)
Mark Mehos (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA)
Tim Merrigan (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA)
Catherine Mitchell (University of Exeter, UK)
José Roberto Moreira (Biomass Users Network, Brazil)
Wim Sinke (Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands)
Virginia Sonntag-O’Brien (REN21, France)
Bob Thresher (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA)
Wilfried van Sark (Utrecht University, the Netherlands)
Eric Usher (United Nations Environment Programme)
Contributing Authors (CA)
Dan Bilello (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA)
Helena Chum (National renewable Energy Laboratory, USA)
Diana Kraft (REN21, France)
Philippe Lempp (German Development Ministry)
Jeff Logan (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA)
Lau Saili (International Hydropower Association, UK)
Aaron Smith (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA)
Richard Taylor (International Hydropower Association, UK)
Craig Turchi (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA)
Review Editor
Jürgen Schmid (Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology, Germany)
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Please use the following reference for this chapter:
Turkenburg, W. C., D. J. Arent, R. Bertani, A. Faaij, M. Hand, W. Krewitt, E. D. Larson, J. Lund, M. Mehos, T. Merrigan, C. Mitchell, J. R. Moreira, W. Sinke, V. Sonntag-O’Brien, B. Thresher, W. van Sark, E. Usher and E. Usher, 2012: Chapter 11 - Renewable Energy. In Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 761-900.
Export Citation (RIS Format)
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Renewable Energy Sources And Potential Energy Supplies
11.1.2 Renewable Energy Conversion Technologies
11.1.3 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Renewables
11.1.4 Contribution Of Renewables To Global Energy And Electricity Supply
11.2 Biomass Energy
11.2.1 Introduction
11.2.2 Potential Of Bioenergy
11.2.3 Market Developments
11.2.4 Biomass Energy Conversion Technology Development
11.2.5 Economic And Financial Aspects
11.2.6 Sustainability Issues
11.2.7 Implementation Issues
11.3 Hydropower
11.3.1 Introduction
11.3.2 Potential Of Hydropower
11.3.3 Market Developments
11.3.4 Hydropower Technology Developments
11.3.5 Economic And Financial Aspects
11.3.6 Sustainability Issues
11.3.7 Implementation Issues
11.4 Geothermal Energy
11.4.1 Introduction
11.4.2 Potential Of Geothermal Energy
11.4.3 Market Developments
11.4.4 Geothermal Energy Technology Developments
11.4.5 Economic And Financial Aspects
11.4.6 Sustainability Issues
11.4.7 Implementation Issues
11.5 Wind Energy
11.5.1 Introduction
11.5.2 Potential Of Wind Energy
11.5.3 Market Developments
11.5.4 Wind Energy Technology Development
11.5.5 Economic And Financial Aspects
11.5.6 Sustainability Issues
11.5.7 Implementation Issues
11.6 Photovoltaic Solar Energy
11.6.1 Introduction
11.6.2 Potential Of Pv Solar Energy
11.6.3 Market Developments
11.6.4 Pv Technology Development
11.6.5 Economic And Financial Aspects
11.6.6 Sustainability Issues
11.6.7 Implementation Issues
11.7 High-Temperature Solar Thermal Energy
11.7.1 Introduction
11.7.2 Potential Of High-Temperature Solar Thermal Energy
11.7.3 Market Developments
11.7.4 Csp Technology Development
11.7.5 Economic And Financial Aspects
11.7.6 Sustainability Issues
11.7.7 Implementation Issues
11.8 Low-Temperature Solar Energy
11.8.1 Introduction
11.8.2 Potential Of Low-Temperature Solar Energy
11.8.3 Market Developments
11.8.4 Low-Temperature Solar Energy Technology Development
11.8.5 Economic And Financial Aspects
11.8.6 Sustainability Issues
11.8.7 Implementation Issues
11.9 Ocean Energy
11.9.1 Introduction
11.9.2 Potential Of Ocean Energy Technologies
11.9.3 Market Developments
11.9.4 Ocean Energy Technology Developments
11.9.5 Economic And Financial Aspects
11.9.6 Sustainability Issues
11.9.7 Implementation Issues
11.10 System Integration
11.10.1 Introduction
11.10.2 Integration Of Renewables Into Electricity Supply Systems
11.10.3 Renewables In Heating And Cooling
11.10.4 The Way Forward
11.11 Financial And Investment Issues
11.11.1 Introduction
11.11.2 Commercial Financing
11.11.3 Linking Policy And Investments
11.11.4 Public Financing
11.11.5 Renewables As A Mainstream Energy Option
11.12 Policy Instruments And Measures
11.12.1 Introduction
11.12.2 Need For Policy Intervention And Policy Frameworks
11.12.3 Policy Approaches For Renewable Energy
11.12.4 Other Enabling Re Policies
11.12.5 Heating And Cooling And Transport
11.12.6 Links With Other Policies
11.12.7 Development Cooperation
11.12.8 International Policy Initiatives To Stimulate Renewable Energy
References
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